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The Influence ModelUsing Reciprocity to Gain Influence
(Also known as the Cohen-Bradford Influence Model)
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Do you have influence?
Have you ever tried to get something - perhaps advice, support, or a key piece of information - from someone who didn't want to help you?
Sometimes, it can be extremely difficult to get people's help, especially when we have no authority over them.
This is where an approach such as the Cohen-Bradford Influence Model can help us identify what other people value. We can then use that information so that everyone gets the outcome they want.
In this article we'll examine the Influence Model in detail, and discuss how you can use it when you need help from other people.
About the Model
The Influence Model, also known as the Cohen-Bradford Influence Model, was created by Allen R. Cohen and David L. Bradford, both leadership experts and distinguished professors. The model was originally published in their 2005 book, "Influence Without Authority."
Cohen and Bradford believe that authority can be problematic. It doesn't always guarantee that you'll get support and commitment from those around you; and it can create fear, and motivate people to act for the wrong reasons. This is why it's so useful to learn how to influence others without using authority.
The Influence Model is based on the law of reciprocity - the belief that all of the positive and negative things we do for (or to) others will be paid back over time.
For example, if you give your boss a tip that cuts hours off her workload, you might expect, perhaps subconsciously, that she'll do something nice for you in the future.
Using the Model
The Influence Model is useful whenever:
The model has several steps. These are:
- You need help from someone over whom you have no authority.
- The other person is resisting helping you.
- You don't have a good relationship with the person from whom you need help.
- You have one opportunity to ask the person for help.
- You don't know the other person well.
1. Assume all are potential allies.
2. Clarify your goals and priorities.
3. Diagnose the world of the other person.
4. Identify relevant "currencies"; theirs, and yours.
5. Deal with relationships.
6. Influence through give and take.Once you're familiar with the model, it's not necessary to think each step through consciously.
Let's look at each step in detail, and think about how to apply the model:
1. Assume All are Potential Allies
Influencing someone else - especially someone who is seemingly "being difficult" - can make you feel upset, nervous, or unsure. However, don't write anyone off: approach this situation by looking at the other person as a potential ally.
2. Clarify Your Goals and Priorities
In this step you need to identify why you are trying to influence this person. What is it that you need from them? What are your primary and secondary goals?
Here, it's important to keep your personal wants and goals out of the situation. For instance, you may subconsciously want to be seen as "right," or you may want to have the "last word." These personal motivations often get in the way of effective negotiation. Focus on your work goals, and leave personal motivators or drivers aside.
3. Diagnose the World of the Other Person
In this step, you need to understand your potential ally's world, and understand how he or she is judged. For instance, what performance metrics do they work by? How are they rewarded?
These factors play an important role in what your ally can give, and what he or she might want from you in return.
To evaluate this, ask yourself the following questions:
You can also use empathy to step into the world of your potential ally, and to understand what drives his or her behavior.
- How is this person "measured" at work?
- What are his or her primary responsibilities?
- Does this person experience peer pressure from his or her boss or colleagues?
- What is the culture of this person's organization?
- What does this person's boss expect from him or her?
- What seems to be important to this person?
This step can be challenging; and it will determine whether or not you can identify this person's relevant "currency", which is the next step.
4. Identify Relevant "Currencies"; Theirs and Yours
This is likely to be the most important step in the Influence Model. Here, you need to identify what truly matters to your potential ally.
If you pay attention, you should be able to hear or see the currency that this person values most.
Cohen and Bradford identified five types of currency that are most often valued in organizations.
These are:
a. Inspiration-related currencies.
b. Task-related currencies.
c. Position-related currencies.
d. Relationship-related currencies.
e. Personal-related currencies.
a. Inspiration-Related CurrenciesThese currencies are all related to inspiration, vision, and morality/strength. People who value these currencies want to find meaning in what they're doing. They may go out of their way to help if they know in their heart that it's the right thing to do, or if it contributes in some way to a valued cause.
You can appeal to these people by explaining the significance of your project or request, and by showing that it's the right thing to do. Appeal to their sense of integrity and virtue.
b. Task-Related Currencies
These currencies relate to the task at hand and to getting the job done.
Here, you'll want to exchange resources such as money, personnel, or supplies. You could offer to help these people on a current project they're working on. Or you could offer your expertise, or your organization's expertise, in exchange for their help.
Task-related currencies are often highly valued in new organizations, where supplies and resources may be scarce, as well as by organizations or teams that are struggling to get the finances, supplies or information that they need.
Keep in mind that an important task-related currency is challenge. Many people, especially those who want to test or expand their skills, value the opportunity to work on challenging tasks or projects.
Tip:
Be careful, here, not to engage in anything that may be seen to be bribery.
c. Position-Related CurrenciesPeople who value this currency focus on recognition, reputation, and visibility. They want to climb the organizational ladder, and to be recognized for the work they're doing.
Here you'll want to appeal to this sense of recognition by publicly acknowledging their efforts. You could offer them lunch with your CEO, or the opportunity to work with a high-profile team. Or, convince them that the project or task will be recognized by respected people in your industry.
d. Relationship-Related Currencies
People who value relationships want to belong. They want strong relationships with their team and colleagues.
So, make these people feel they're connected to you or your organization on a personal level. Offer them emotional support and understanding. Use active listening, so that they can talk about their problems. And say "thank you" to show gratitude for the good work they're doing for you, or have done for you in the past.
e. Personal-Related Currencies
This is probably the simplest currency of the five. These currencies relate to the other person on a personal level.
You can appeal to this person by showing them sincere gratitude for their help. Allow them the freedom to make their own decisions if they're helping you on a team. Keep things simple for them, so they don't feel hassled helping you.
Note:
A common mistake in identifying someone's currency is underestimating its importance to them. Just because you don't need to feel important, be recognized, or feel loved by your team doesn't mean that no one else does. Make sure that you keep an open mind when identifying other people's currencies.
5. Deal with RelationshipsIn this step you need to analyze what kind of relationship you have with this person. If you know him or her well and you're on good terms, you can directly ask him or her for what you need.
If you're not on good terms, or you're a complete stranger, then you need to focus on building trust and building a good relationship before you move on to the final step.
To do this, take time to get to know the person you're interacting with. Make sure you use active listening techniques when you're speaking with him or her. Also, develop your emotional intelligence skills, which will help you recognize not only your own feelings, but the feelings of those around you.
6. Influence Through Give and Take
Once you feel you know what your ally wants or needs, and you've determined what you have to offer, you can make "the exchange" and put your findings into action.
Make sure that when you make the offer or exchange, it's done in a way that builds trust. Show respect, empathy and understanding to the other person. Show your gratitude to them for helping you, and keep looking for ways to help others.
Example
Mark works in the accounting department in his organization. He's implementing a new software package that will streamline the collections process, eliminating several unneeded steps. However, he needs help from his colleague, Rob, to solve a problem. Rob has exactly the expertise Mark needs.
The problem is that Rob is extremely busy with his own projects, and has so far been unwilling to help. So, Mark uses the Influence Model, as follows:
1. Assume All are Potential Allies
Mark already knows that Rob could be an ally; they've always gotten along in the past. The only reason that Rob is unwilling to help is because he's "snowed under" with his own projects, most of which have tight deadlines.
2. Clarify Your Goals and Priorities
Mark takes a moment to clarify his goals. Why does he need to influence Rob?
This is simple: Rob has the expertise Mark needs to overcome a problem he's stuck with. His goal is to gain Rob's help, perhaps for half a day, to solve the problem.
3. Diagnose the World of the Other Person
Mark looks at the professional world that Rob, who works full time in IT, works in daily.
Mark knows the IT department is deadline driven. Rob is often under immense pressure to troubleshoot problems as they come up, but also to deliver major projects that have quick turnaround times. As a result, Rob frequently stays late and comes in early to meet all his demands.
4. Identify Relevant "Currencies"; Theirs and Yours
Mark believes that Rob's currency is task-related. What he needs most is another set of hands to help him complete some of his current projects. If he could catch up, he'd probably be willing to help Mark with his own project.
5. Deal with Relationships
Mark is already on good terms with Rob. They don't talk often since they work in different departments, but they've chatted a few times in the hallway, and Mark would consider Rob a friend.
6. Influence Through Give and Take
Mark decides on his exchange. He's going to offer Rob a full day of his own time to help him catch on his projects. In return, he'll ask for half a day of Rob's time to help him with his own project.
When he approaches Rob, Rob looks surprised at the offer. But, he accepts immediately. Mark shows his appreciation by showing up early on his day to help Rob, and working hard the entire day. When the time comes for Rob to help Mark, the same holds true: Rob shows up early, and the two get the problem figured out by lunchtime. Mark then takes Rob out for lunch to show his gratitude.
Key Points:The Influence Model can be an effective tool for helping you influence others. It's especially effective in situations where you have no authority over the other person, or where he or she seems unwilling to help you.
The model has six steps. These are:
1. Assume all are potential allies.
2. Clarify your goals and priorities.
3. Diagnose the world of the other person.
4. Identify relevant "currencies"; theirs and yours.
5. Deal with relationships.
6. Influence through give and take.Once you're familiar with the model, it's not necessary to think through each step consciously.
Apply This to Your LifeAlthough you might not need to use the Influence Model right now, chances are there will come a time when you need something from someone, without using any authority:
- Start preparing now. Pay attention to your colleagues and other key stakeholders in your organization. You can use Steps 3 and 4 to do this.
- Focus now on building good relationships with others in your organization.
- Help others whenever you can. Helping your colleagues not only feels good; your colleagues will likely be happy to repay the favor later.
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